This infographic illustrates key features of the TOI 270 system, located about 73 light-years away 
in the southern constellation Pictor. The three known planets were discovered by 
NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite through periodic dips in starlight 
caused by each orbiting world. Insets show information about the planets, 
including their relative sizes, and how they compare to Earth.
 Temperatures given for TOI 270’s planets are equilibrium temperatures,
 calculated without the warming effects of any possible atmospheres. 
 Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center/Scott Wiessinger

This scattergram of Kepler first three years of exoplanets shows that Kepler mostly found planets
 much larger than Earth. Many of the Kepler candidate exoplanets were orbiting very active stars,
 with so much stellar flaring and other activity that habitability is doubtful.
 Image Credit: NASA Ames/W. Stenzel

Because these planets are so close to their star, it’s natural to compare them with Jupiter and its moons.
Image Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center

-

Most binary systems are hard to detect and may contain more than two stars. 
In January 2021 the discovery of a new and bizarre sextuple system was
 reported where all the stars aligned perfectly creating a sextuple
 eclipsing star system. More strange is that the system seems to consist 
 of three pairs of binary stars locked into an exotic dance.


Contributor and EU advocate, Gareth Samuel, host of "See the Pattern”,
 builds a picture of how stars might evolve—in this case up to
 six stars—showing that the interaction of Birkeland currents 
 together is an important aspect of this unusual, 
 almost miraculous, sextuple star system structure.

Gareth Samuel | See the Pattern

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Recently, scientists found a cosmic rarity about 1,900 light-years away:
 a six-star system of three eclipsing binary stars.
Find out what this means and why this discovery is a sensation in this video.
If you like our videos, feel free to support us with a thumbs up,
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Illustration of the GJ 357 system. 
Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center / Chris Smith

NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Telescope launched back in April, 2018. After a few months of testing, 
it was ready to begin mapping the southern sky, searching for planets orbiting stars relatively nearby.
We’re just over a year into the mission now, and on July 18th, TESS has shifted its attention to the Northern Hemisphere,
 continuing the hunt for planets in the northern skies.
As part of this shift, NASA has announced a handful of fascinating new planets turned up by TESS, including a couple of worlds 
in categories which have never been seen before.


Farewell Kepler, Welcome TESS


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References:
Tess first year
New Explorer Mission Chooses the ‘Just-Right’ Orbit
TESS Finds Its Smallest Planet Yet
A Tiny Planet
Confirmation of Toasty TESS Planet Leads to Surprising Find of Promising World
hNASA’s TESS Mission Scores ‘Hat Trick’ With 3 New Worlds

We’re now entering the final days for NASA’s Kepler Space Telescope. It’s running out of fuel and already 
crippled by the loss of its reaction wheels. In just a few months NASA will shut it down for good.
That is sad, but don’t worry, NASA’s next planet hunting spacecraft, the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Telescope 
is on the launchpad and ready to fly to space to take over where Kepler left off.
Finding Earth-sized worlds in the Milky Way.
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An artist’s illustration of the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite.
 Credits: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center

Illustration of the transit method, where a planet passes directly in front of its star, dimming it slightly. 
Credit: NASA

ESA’s CHEOPS mission is due for launch later this year (2019), it will perform follow on observations 
of candidate exoplanets discovered so far, trying to narrow down their size and orbital periods.
 Thanks to CHEOPS, the number of confirmed exoplanets will start to catch up with the number of planetary candidates.

The three planets discovered in the L98-59 system by NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite
 are compared to Mars and Earth in order of increasing size in this illustration.
 Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center

TESS, the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite, has imaged an outburst from the comet 46P/Wirtanen. 
It caught the outburst in what NASA is calling the clearest images yet of a comet outburst from start to finish.
 A comet outburst is a significant but temporary increase in the comet’s activity, outside of the normal 
 sunlight-driven vaporization of ices that creates a comet’s coma and tail.

his animation shows an explosive outburst of dust, ice and gases from
 comet 46P/Wirtanen that occurred on September 26, 2018 
 and dissipated over the next 20 days. The images, from NASA’s TESS spacecraft,
 were taken every three hours during the first three days of the outburst.
 Credits: Farnham et al./NASA

This 2013 Hubble Space Telescope image of comet ISON shows the distinct parts of a comet.
 The round coma around ISON’s nucleus is blueand the tail has a redder hue.
 Ice and gas in the coma reflect blue light from the Sun, while dust grains in the tail reflect more red light than blue light.
 Image Credit: , By ESA/Hubble, CC BY 4.0 Wikipedia

IMAGE sequence showing the outburst’s effect on Wirtanen’s coma. 
Panels (2) and (3) bracket the onset of the outburst (September 26.12)
 and  (4)–(6) show the bright central condensation and the rapidly expanding gas cloud.
 Each panel is 400,000 km across, with north up and east to the left. 
 The light blue circle denotes a 25,000 km radius aperture. 
 Image Credit: Farnham et al, 2019.

An artist’s diagram of a comet showing the gas tail, the dust tail, and the dust trail. 
Image Credit: By NASA Ames Research Center/K. Jobse, P. Jenniskens

The planet is called TOI 700 d and it’s about 100 light years away from Earth. 
It orbits TOI 700, a cool M-dwarf (red dwarf) star in the constellation Dorado. 
This is a key discovery for TESS, since it was designed to ferret
 out Earth-size planets in other solar systems.

TOI 700 d is within the star’s habitable zone, where liquid water could exist 
on the planet’s surface, given the right atmosphere and pressure conditions.
 The two innermost planets, TOI 700 b and c, are too close to the star for liquid water.
 Image Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center

Exoplanetology has been on a tear recently.  This is largely due to an abundance 
of data collected by a new generation of satellites, one of which is the 
Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS).  Now the project has reached a new milestone 
with another release of data – 2,200 planet candidates collected, 
far surpassing the 1,600 expected candidates in the mission’s first two years. 
 Now comes a potentially even more daunting task – following up with each of them.

Zoom into the first sky sector observed by NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) and learn more about the new worlds it has discovered.
Credit: NASA/MIT/TESS
License
   Creative Commons Attribution license (reuse allowed)

Researchers working with data from NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS)
 have discovered the mission’s first circumbinary planet, a world orbiting two stars. 
 The planet, called TOI 1338b, is around 6.9 times larger than Earth, or between 
 the sizes of Neptune and Saturn. It lies in a system 1,300 light-years away in the constellation Pictor.

The stars in the system make an eclipsing binary, which occurs when the stellar companions
 circle each other in our plane of view. One is about 10% more massive than our Sun,
 while the other is cooler, dimmer and only one-third the Sun’s mass. 

TOI 1338b’s transits are irregular, between every 93 and 95 days, and vary in 
depth and duration thanks to the orbital motion of its stars. 
TESS only sees the transits crossing the larger star — the transits of the 
smaller star are too faint to detect. Although the planet transits irregularly,
 its orbit is stable for at least the next 10 million years. The orbit’s angle to us,
 however, changes enough that the planet transit will cease after November 2023 and resume eight years later.

 Read more:

 Music: "Albatross" from Universal Production Music.

Video credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center
Chris Smith (USRA): Lead Producer
Chris Smith (USRA): Lead Animator
Jeanette Kazmierczak (University of Maryland College Park): Lead Science Writer
Chris Smith (USRA): Writer
Veselin Kostov (NASA Postdoctoral Fellow): Scientist

This video is public domain and along with other supporting visualizations  
can be downloaded from NASA Goddard's Scientific Visualization Studio at:

If you liked this video,  subscribe to the NASA Goddard YouTube channel:
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Globe showing what part of the sky TESS spent its viewing time on.
Credit: NASA / MIT / TESS

Illustration of NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite observing 
an M dwarf star with orbiting planets. 
Image Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center.

An artist’s conception of a red dwarf solar system. Red dwarfs can produce 
a lot of flaring activity, which is problematic for the habitability of their planets.
 Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech.

The Spitzer Space Telescope observatory trails behind Earth as it orbits the Sun. 
It provided confirming follow-up observations of TOI 700 d and its neighbors.
 Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech

NASA's Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) has discovered its first Earth-size planet
in its star's habitable zone, the range of distances where conditions may be just right to allow 
the presence of liquid water on the surface. Scientists confirmed the find, called TOI 700 d, 
using NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope and have modeled the planet's potential environments to help inform future observations. 
TOI 700 is a small, cool M dwarf star located just over 100 light-years away in the southern constellation Dorado.
 It's roughly 40 of the Sun's mass and size and about half its surface temperature.
 The star appears in 11 of the 13 sectors TESS observed during the mission's first year,
 and scientists caught multiple transits by its three planets. 
The innermost planet, called TOI 700 b, is almost exactly Earth-size, is probably rocky
 and completes an orbit every 10 days. The middle planet, TOI 700 c, is 2.6 times larger than Earth
 -- between the sizes of Earth and Neptune -- orbits every 16 days and is likely a gas-dominated world.
 TOI 700 d, the outermost known planet in the system and the only one in the habitable zone,
 measures 20 larger than Earth, orbits every 37 days and receives from its star 86% of the 
 energy that the Sun provides to Earth. All of the planets are thought to be tidally locked 
 to their star, which means they rotate once per orbit so that one side is constantly bathed in daylight. 
The Spitzer data increased scientists' confidence that TOI 700 d is a real planet and sharpened
their measurements of its orbital period by 56% and its size by 38%. It also ruled out other 
possible astrophysical causes of the transit signal, such as the presence of a smaller, 
dimmer companion star in the system. 
While the exact conditions on TOI 700 d are unknown, scientists used current information, 
like the planet's size and the type of star it orbits, and modeled 20 potential environments 
for TOI 700 d to gauge if any version would result in surface temperatures and pressures suitable for habitability. 
One simulation included an ocean-covered TOI 700 d with a dense, carbon-dioxide-dominated 
atmosphere similar to what scientists suspect surrounded Mars when it was young. 
The model atmosphere contains a deep layer of clouds on the star-facing side.
 Another model depicts TOI 700 d as a cloudless, all-land version of modern Earth, 
 where winds flow away from the night side of the planet and converge on the point directly facing the star. 
Music credit: "Family Tree" from Universal Production Music

 Read more:

Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center
Scott Wiessinger (USRA): Lead Producer
Chris Smith (USRA): Lead Animator
Jeanette Kazmierczak (University of Maryland College Park): Lead Science Writer
Gabrielle Engelmann-Suissa (USRA): Scientist
Barb Mattson (University of Maryland College Park): Narrator
Geronimo Villanueva (Catholic University of America): Visualizer

This video is public domain and along with other supporting visualizations can be downloaded 
  from the Scientific Visualization Studio at:

If you liked this video,  subscribe to the NASA Goddard YouTube channel:

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The James Webb Space Telescope will provide more data on TOI 700 d, and other exoplanets,
 in the future. It’ll provide the acuity and sensitivity needed to study the spectra 
 of Earth-sized exo-planets.
 (Credit: NASA)

he intern’s name is Wolf Cukier and he was a summer intern at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center,
 the agency that manages TESS. Zooniverse citizen scientists in the Planet Hunters TESS program 
 captured variations in star brightness in TESS data and uploaded them. Cukier was examining 
 those uploads more closely when he came across the data from TOI 1338, a binary star system
 about 1300 light years away in the constellation Pictor.

Researchers working with data from NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) have discovered 
the mission’s first circumbinary planet, a world orbiting two stars. The planet, called TOI 1338b,
 is around 6.9 times larger than Earth, or between the sizes of Neptune and Saturn. It lies in a 
 system 1,300 light-years away in the constellation Pictor.
The stars in the system make an eclipsing binary, which occurs when the stellar companions 
circle each other in our plane of view. One is about 10% more massive than our Sun,
 while the other is cooler, dimmer and only one-third the Sun’s mass. 
TOI 1338b’s transits are irregular, between every 93 and 95 days, and vary in depth and duration thanks to the orbital motion of its stars. TESS only sees the transits crossing the larger star — the transits of the smaller star are too faint to detect. Although the planet transits irregularly, its orbit is stable for at least the next 10 million years. The orbit’s angle to us, however, changes enough that the planet transit will cease after November 2023 and resume eight years later.

 Read more:

 Music: "Albatross" from Universal Production Music.

Video credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center
Chris Smith (USRA): Lead Producer
Chris Smith (USRA): Lead Animator
Jeanette Kazmierczak (University of Maryland College Park): Lead Science Writer
Chris Smith (USRA): Writer
Veselin Kostov (NASA Postdoctoral Fellow): Scientist

This video is public domain and along with other supporting visualizations can be downloaded 
from NASA Goddard's  Scientific Visualization Studio at:

If you liked this video, subscribe to the NASA Goddard YouTube channel: https://www.youtube.com/NASAGoddard">

Follow NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center
· Instagram 
·  Twitter
·  Twitter NASA GODDARD Pics
·  Facebook:
 · Flickr

The angle of TOI 1338 b’s orbit around the stars changes over time, so after 2023,
 there will be an eight year gap in transits from our point of view. 
 This gap leads astronomers to believe that there are many other circumbinary planets out there,
 but we have to be observing at the right time to find them. 
 Image Credit: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.

Image: Observations from NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) have revealed new details
 about KELT-9b’s environment. The planet follows a close, polar orbit around a squashed star with different
 surface temperatures, factors that make peculiar seasons for KELT-9b. The planet’s transits begin 
 near one of the star’s hot, bright poles and progress toward the cooler, dimmer equator.
 Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center.

Image: This is Figure 2 from the paper. Caption: (Left) KELT-9 b begins its transit near the star’s hot pole 
and moves toward the star’s cooler equator. Our transit analysis directly measures the stellar inclination
 ( i ), the planet’s projected alignment (λ), and the orbital inclination (i.e., the impact parameter b).
 We find that KELT-9 varies in effective temperature by ∼800 K between its hot poles and cooler equator. 
 (Right) KELT-9 b’s phase-folded primary transit from TESS. The transit depth steadily decreases throughout the eclipse, 
 indicating that KELT-9 b begins its transit near one of the host star’s hotter poles and moves toward the dimmer stellar equator.
 Credit: Ahlers et al.

Before NASA’s TESS (Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite) mission launched in 2018,
 astronomers tried to understand what it would find in advance. One study calculated
 that TESS would find between 4430 and 4660 new exoplanets during its primary two-year-long mission.

Left: The instantaneous combined field of view of the four TESS cameras.
 Middle: Subdivision of the celestial sphere into 26 observation sectors (13 per hemisphere).
 Right: Duration of observations on the celestial sphere, taking into account the overlap between sectors.
 The dashed black circle enclosing the ecliptic pole shows the region which JWST will be able to observe at any time.
 Image Credit:  By NASA – 
  Public Domain, (Wkipedia)

Over 5,000 exoplanet candidates crowd the sky on this map. The TESS Science Office at MIT released
 the most recent batch of TESS Objects of Interest (large orange points on the map) on Dec. 21,2021
 boosting the catalogue to the new 5,000-count milestone. When the next batch of TOIs from TESS’s
 second year of extended mission time is released, the northern sky will likely be full of large orange points, too.
Image Credits: NASA/MIT/TESS.

This is an artist’s illustration of the exoplanet HD21749b. It’s extraordinarily close to its star 
and orbits in only 36 days. TESS has shown us that the planets in our own Solar System don’t represent a norm.
Image Credit: By NASA/MIT/TESS

This image depicts the survey sectors for the first half of TESS Extended Mission, known as Cycle 3.
 TESS Cycle 3 observed fields in the Southern Ecliptic Hemisphere during the first year of the 
 extended mission, from July 2020 until June 2021. The cadence was higher in the extended mission,
 resulting in more complete data. It covered sectors 27-39.
 Credit: MIT.

An artist’s rendering of five planets orbiting TOI-1233, four of which TESS discovered.
 Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech

TESS found 4584 eclipsing binaries (EBs) in sectors 1 to 26. EBs can be false positives,
 but they’re also an essential research topic and are one of the pillars of stellar astrophysics. 
 So even when TESS detects false positives, it’s still sometimes a win for science. Image Credit:

NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) has found over 5000 candidate exoplanet candidates,
 and 197 confirmed exoplanets since its mission began in late 2018. TESS is good at finding exoplanets,
 but the spacecraft is a powerful scientific platform, and it’s made other discoveries, too.
 Scientists working with TESS recently announced 97 quadruple star candidates,
 nearly doubling the number of known quadruple systems.

TESS is equipped with four CCD cameras with adjacent field-of-views to produce a 4 x 1 array, 
or ‘observing sector,’ yielding a combined field-of-view of 96x 24 degrees, as illustrated above. 
Image Credit: NASA

This is an artist’s illustration of HD 98800, a quadruple star system located in the TW Hydrae association.
 It’s not part of the new catalogue and was discovered previously.
 Image Credit: – By NASA/JPL-Caltech/T. Pyle (SSC)  Spitzer Mission Pages
  Public Domain, from Wikipedia

HD 98800 is a quadruple star system with a protoplanetary disk at right angles to the stars.
 Could planets form in such a system?
 Image Credits: UNIVERSITY OF WARWICK/MARK GARLICK

An artist’s rendition of the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS).
 Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center

An artist’s illustration of the mini-Neptune TOI 560.01 losing 
its atmosphere and transitioning to a super-Earth. 
Credit: Adam Makarenko (Keck Observatory)

Artist’s impression of a Super-Earth orbiting the Sun-like star HD 85512
 in the southern constellation of Vela (The Sail). 
 Credit: ESO

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