Our Milky Way Galaxy a black hole/wormhole?

The Entire Milky Way Might Be a Huge Wormhole That�s Stable and Navigable
by Vanessa Janek on January 22, 2015

Artist rendering of a wormhole connecting two galaxies. Credit: Davide and Paolo Salucci.

Our very own Milky Way could be home to a giant tunnel in spacetime.

At least, that�s what the authors of a new study have proposed. According to the team, 

a collaboration between Indian, Italian, and North American researchers at the

 International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA) in Italy, the central halo of our galaxy 

 may harbor enough dark matter to support the creation and sustenance of a �stable and navigable� 

 shortcut to a distant region of spacetime � a phenomenon known as a wormhole

Our very own Milky Way could be home to a giant tunnel in spacetime.

A graphic of the structure of a theorized wormhole (NASA)

But according to the team at SISSA, large amounts of dark matter could provide this fuel.

 Using a model of dark matter�s abundance that is based on the rotation curves of other spiral galaxies,

 the researchers found that the distribution of dark matter in the Milky Way produced solutions in general relativity that would,

 theoretically, allow a stable wormhole to arise.

Galactic wormhole

Published on Jan 21, 2015

The (hypothetical) wormhole proposed by Kuefettig, Salucci et al connecting the center with a very far position 

of our Galaxy when one passes through its throat. 

Crediti: Davide and Paolo Salucci
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Black Holes!

No Escape from the Inside of a Black Hole

No Escape: Dive Into a Black Hole (Infographic) by Karl Tate - When matter is compressed beyond a certain density,

 a black hole is created. It is called black because no light can escape from it. Some black holes are the tombstones 

 of what were once massive stars. An enormous black hole is thought to lurk at the center of the Milky Way galaxy.

18 BILLION SOLAR MASS BLACK HOLE ROTATES AT 1/3 SPEED OF LIGHT 13 Mar , 2016 by Bob King

Artist’s view of a black hole-powered blazar (a type of quasar) lighting up the center of a remote galaxy.

 As matter falls toward the supermassive black hole at the galaxy’s center, some of it is accelerated outward at nearly

 the speed of light along jets pointed in opposite directions. When one of the jets happens to be aimed in the direction 

 of Earth, as illustrated here, the galaxy appears especially bright and is classified as a blazar.

Credits: M. Weiss/CfA

An illustration of the binary black hole system, OJ 287, showing the massive black hole surrounded by an accretion disk.

 A second, smaller black hole is believed to orbit the larger. When it intersects the larger’s disk coming and going,

 astronomers see a pair of bright flares. The predictions of the model are verified by observations.

 Credit: University of Turku

Long exposures made with the Hubble Space Telescope showing brilliant quasars flaring in the hearts of six distant galaxies.

 Credit: NASA/ESA

Illustration of a gradually precessing orbit similar to the precessing orbit of the smaller smaller black hole 

orbiting the larger in OJ 287. Credit: Willow W / Wikipedia

OJ 287 has been fluctuating around 13.5-140 magnitude lately. You can spot it in a 10-inch

 or larger scope in Cancer not far from the Beehive Cluster. Click the image for a detailed AAVSO finder chart.

 Diagram: Bob King, source: Stellarium

A supermassive black hole has been found in an unusual spot: an isolated region of space

 where only small, dim galaxies reside. 

 Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech

X-ray echoes of a shredded star provide close-up of monster black hole
NASA'S GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER PRESS RELEASE
CREDIT ASTRONOMY NOW MAGAZINE

In this artist’s rendering, a thick accretion disc has formed around a supermassive black hole 

following the tidal disruption of a star that wandered too close. Stellar debris has fallen toward the black hole

 and collected into a thick chaotic disc of hot gas. Flashes of X-ray light near the centre of the disc result in light echoes

 that allow astronomers to map the structure of the funnel-like flow, revealing for the first time strong gravity effects 

 around a normally quiescent black hole.

 Illustration credits: NASA/Swift/Aurore Simonnet, Sonoma State University.

Parallel universes - Black Hole connected to a theoretical White Hole. 

- If the theoretical science is correct, there are an infinite number of universes

 with same situations and different outcomes, do you believe?

Chandra X-ray Observatory finds evidence for violent stellar merger CHANDRA X-RAY CENTER / NASA'S MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CENTER PRESS RELEASE

This artist’s illustration depicts the aftermath of a neutron star merger, including the generation of a Gamma-ray burst (GRB).

In the centre is a compact object — either a black hole or a massive neutron star — and in red is a disc of material

 left over from the merger, containing material falling towards the compact object. Energy from this infalling material drives the GRB 

 jet shown in yellow. In orange is a wind of particles blowing away from the disc and in blue is material ejected from the compact object

 and expanding at very high speeds of about one-tenth the speed of light.

 Illustration credit: NASA/CXC/M.Weiss.

WHAT IS A SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLE? Published: 28 Nov , 2016 by Matt Williams

Detection of an unusually bright X-Ray flare from Sagittarius A*, 
a supermassive black hole in the center of the Milky Way galaxy.
 Credit: NASA/CXC/Stanford/I. Zhuravleva et al.

A BLACK HOLE’S RECORD BREAKING LUNCH
by Nancy Atkinson

A trio of X-ray observatories has captured a decade-long eating binge by a black hole 
almost two billion light years away.
 Credit: X-ray: NASA/CXC/UNH/D.Lin et al, Optical: CFHT, Illustration: NASA/CXC/M.Weiss.

A Quick Look at XJ1500+0154

Published on Feb 6, 2017
Black holes are extremely compact and dense, generating incredibly powerful gravitational forces.
When an object, like a star, wanders too close, these forces can rip that object to pieces.
Some of the material from the doomed object is hurtled out into space. The black hole devours the rest. 
Astronomers just found a black hole gnawing on the remains of a star for over ten years. 
This is the largest meal, or the first clean-your-plate job, for a black hole ever seen.
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CLOSEST STAR AROUND A BLACK HOLE DISCOVERED

This artist's impression depicts a white dwarf star found in the closest known orbit around a black hole.
 As the circle around each other, the black hole's gravitational pull drags material from the
 white dwarf's outer layers toward it. Astronomers found that the white dwarf in X9 completes one orbit around 
 the black hole in less than a half an hour. They estimate the white dwarf and black hole are separated
 by about 2.5 times the distance between the Earth and Moon — an extraordinarily small span in cosmic terms.
 (Credit: NASA/CXC/M.Weiss)

Astronomers found an extraordinarily close stellar pairing in the globular cluster 47 Tucanae,
 a dense collection of stars located on the outskirts of the Milky Way galaxy,
 about 14,800 light years from Earth. Credit: X-ray:
 NASA/CXC/University of Alberta/A.Bahramian et al.

WATCH STARS ORBIT THE MILKY WAY’S SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLE

Stars circle 'round the Milky Way central supermassive black hole. Credit: ESO

The Milky Way’s supermassive black hole, called Sagittarius A* (or Sgr A*), 
is arrowed in the image made of the innermost galactic center in X-ray light by NASA’s Chandra Observatory. 
To the left or east of Sgr A* is Sgr A East, a large cloud that may be the remnant of a supernova. 
Centered on Sgr A* is a spiral shaped group of gas streamers that might be falling onto the hole.
 Credit: NASA/CXC/MIT/Frederick K. Baganoff et al.

This time-lapse movie in infrared light shows how stars in the central light-year of the Milky Way
 have moved over a period of 14 years. The yellow mark at the image center represents the location of Sgr A*,
 site of an unseen supermassive black hole.
Credit: A. Eckart (U. Koeln) & R. Genzel (MPE-Garching), SHARP I, NTT, La Silla Obs., ESO

On September 14, 2013, astronomers caught the largest X-ray flare ever detected from Sgr A*,
 the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way, using NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory.
 This event was 400 times brighter than the usual X-ray output from the source and was possibly caused
 when Sgr A*’s strong gravity tore apart an asteroid in its neighborhood, heating the debris to X-ray-emitting
 temperatures before slurping down the remains.The inset shows the giant flare. 
 Credit: NASA

Motion of "S2" and other stars around the central Black Hole

Published on Oct 20, 2012
An international team of astronomers, lead by researchers at the Max-Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics (MPE),
 has directly observed an otherwise normal star orbiting the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way Galaxy.
Ten years of painstaking measurements have been crowned by a series of unique images obtained by the Adaptive Optics (AO)
 NAOS-CONICA (NACO) instrument on the 8.2-m VLT YEPUN telescope at the ESO Paranal Observatory.
 It turns out that earlier this year the star approached the central Black Hole to within 17 light-hours
 - only three times the distance between the Sun and planet Pluto - while travelling at no less than 5000 km/sec .
In a break-through paper appearing in the research journal Nature on October 17th, 2002, the present team reports
 their exciting results, including high-resolution images that allow tracing two-thirds of the orbit of a star designated "S2" .
 It is currently the closest observable star to the compact radio source and massive black hole candidate "SgrA*" ("Sagittarius A")
 at the very center of the Milky Way. The orbital period is just over 15 years.
The new measurements exclude with high confidence that the central dark mass consists of a cluster of unusual stars or elementary particles,
 and leave little doubt of the presence of a supermassive black hole at the centre of the galaxy in which we live .
ESO Press Video eso0226 was produced by the Max-Planck-Society and shows the observed motions of S2 and other stars in this area.

Credit: ESO
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Two Black Holes Merge into One

Published on Feb 11, 2016
A computer simulation shows the collision of two black holes, a tremendously powerful event detected for the first time 
ever by the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory, or LIGO. LIGO detected gravitational waves,
 or ripples in space and time generated as the black holes spiraled in toward each other, collided, and merged.
 This simulation shows how the merger would appear to our eyes if we could somehow travel in a spaceship for a closer look.
 It was created by solving equations from Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity using the LIGO data.
The two merging black holes are each roughly 30 times the mass of the sun, with one slightly larger than the other.
 Time has been slowed down by a factor of about 100. The event took place 1.3 billion years ago. 
The stars appear warped due to the incredibly strong gravity of the black holes. The black holes warp space and time,
 and this causes light from the stars to curve around the black holes in a process called gravitational lensing.
 The ring around the black holes, known as an Einstein ring, arises from the light of all the stars in a small region behind the holes, 
 where gravitational lensing has smeared their images into a ring. 
The gravitational waves themselves would not be seen by a human near the black holes and so do not show in this video,
 with one important exception. The gravitational waves that are traveling outward toward the small region behind the black holes
 disturb that region’s stellar images in the Einstein ring, causing them to slosh around, even long after the collision. 
 The gravitational waves traveling in other directions cause weaker, and shorter-lived sloshing, everywhere outside the ring.
This simulation was created by the multi-university SXS (Simulating eXtreme Spacetimes) project.
   For more information, visit
Image credit: SXS
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AFTER TWO BLACK HOLES COLLIDE, A PUZZLING FLASH

ON SEPT. 14, 2015, at almost the exact same time that a pair of sprawling gravitational-wave 
detectors heard the last gasp of a collision between two black holes, another, 
more perplexing observation took place. Over 500 kilometers above the surface of the Earth, 
the orbiting Fermi Gamma-Ray Space Telescope logged a passing burst of gamma rays,
 a high-energy form of light. The signal was so slight that the NASA scientists
 who run the satellite didn’t notice it at first.

HUBBLE WATCHES SPINNING BLACK HOLE SWALLOW A STAR

Close-up of star near a supermassive black hole (artist’s impression). 
Credit: ESA/Hubble, ESO, M. Kornmesser

This artist’s impression depicts a rapidly spinning supermassive black hole surrounded by an accretion disc.
 Credit: ESA/Hubble, ESO, M. Kornmesse

Spinning supermassive black hole rips star apart (artist’s impression)
Credit:HubbleESA

This animation shows how the ASASSN-15lh most likely happened. A Sun-like star gets into the area of influence 
of a rapidly spinning supermassive black hole in the centre of a distant galaxy. While its orbit gets constantly closer
 to the black hole the star gets “spaghettified”, creating an accretion disc around the supermassive black hole.
 When it finally gets ripped apart close to the event horizon it creates a bright flash, that could resemble a superluminous supernova.

More information and download options for this video


ESA's Video dierectory page

Credit:
ESA/Hubble, ESO, M. Kornmesser
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Supermassive black hole rips star apart (simulation)

This simulation shows a star getting torn apart by the gravitational tides of a supermassive black hole. The star gets “spaghettified” and after several orbits creates an accretion disc. Scientists believe that the superluminous ASASSN-15lh event happened like that.

More information and download options for this video


ESA's Video dierectory page
Credit:
ESA/Hubble, ESO, N. Stone, K. Hayasaki
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The Missing Link: Where Are Medium-Size Black Holes?

While black holes with masses of a few suns and ones with masses of millions of suns exist,
 scientists have been puzzled to see few with masses in between those two extremes. 
 New work may suggest a reason why.
Credit: Ute Kraus/Wikipedia, CC BY-SA

NEW METHOD FOR RESEARCHING ACTIVITY AROUND QUASARS AND BLACK HOLES

Artist’s impression of ULAS J1120+0641, a very distant quasar powered by a black hole with a mass two billion times that of the Sun.
 Credit: ESO/M. Kornmesser
 Ever since the discovery of Sagittarius A* at the center of our galaxy, astronomers have come to understand 
 that most massive galaxies have a Supermassive Black Hole (SMBH) at their core. These are evidenced by the
 powerful electromagnetic emissions produced at the nuclei of these galaxies – which are known as “Active Galatic Nuclei” (AGN) 
 – that are believed to be caused by gas and dust accreting onto the SMBH.
For decades, astronomers have been studying the light coming from AGNs to determine how large and massive their black holes are.
 This has been difficult, since this light is subject to the Doppler effect, which causes its spectral lines to broaden. 
 But thanks to a new model developed by researchers from China and the US, astronomers may be able to study these
 Broad Line Regions (BLRs) and make more accurate estimates about the mass of black holes.

An artist’s impression of the accretion disc around the supermassive black hole that powers an active galaxy.
 Credit: NASA/Dana Berry, SkyWorks Digital

Dense clouds of dust and gas, illustrated here, can obscure less energetic radiation 
from an active galaxy’s central black hole. High-energy X-rays, however, easily pass through. 
Credit: ESA/NASA/AVO/Paolo Padovani

ASTRONOMERS FIGURE OUT HOW BLACK HOLES CAN BLAST OUT RELATIVISTIC JETS OF MATERIAL ACROSS LIGHT YEARS OF SPACE

Artist's impression of the relativistic jet emanating from a black hole. Credit:
 Northwestern University

See model W-HR in 
Movie shows the data of 7,400 - 31,000 t_g. Unfortunately, the data of the first 0-7,400 t_g was corrupted due to output error.
The accretion disc is initially turned slightly to the left and towards the viewer (black hole spin is pointing vertical in the movie).
 We see how the relativistic jets are launched (greatly disturbing the accretion disc) and how they point along the rotation axis of the disc
 (slightly to the left and towards the viewer), and not along the black hole spin. 
Over time, we see how the jets and disc change direction together, moving slightly to the right and aligning slightly with the black hole.
 Together, the disc and jets precess around the black hole spin about 40 degrees over the entire simulation.
 Precession of the accretion disc was predicted by Lense and Thirring in 1918 (and confirmed in previous work).
 Here, we present the first simulation ever to demonstrate that jets follow along with the precession of the accretion disc.

Detection of an unusually bright X-Ray flare from Sagittarius A*, a supermassive black hole in the center of the Milky Way galaxy. 
Credit: NASA/CXC/Stanford/I. Zhuravleva et al.

A BLACK HOLE IS PUSHING THE STARS AROUND IN THIS GLOBULAR CLUSTER

Artist's impression of the star cluster NGC 3201 orbiting an black hole with about four times the mass of the Sun.
 Credit: ESO/L. Calçada

Astronomers using ESO’s MUSE instrument on the Very Large Telescope in Chile have discovered 
a star in the cluster NGC 3201 that is behaving very strangely. It appears to be orbiting an invisible black hole 
with about four times the mass of the Sun — the first such inactive stellar-mass black hole found in a globular cluster.
 This important discovery impacts on our understanding of the formation of these star clusters, black holes,
 and the origins of gravitational wave events.
This artist’s impression shows how the star and its massive but invisible black hole companion may look,
 as they orbit each other in the rich heart of the globular star cluster.

 More information and download options:

Credit:
ESO/L. Calçada/spaceengine.org

Astronomers using ESO’s MUSE instrument on the Very Large Telescope in Chile have discovered a star
 in the cluster NGC 3201 that is behaving very strangely. It appears to be orbiting an invisible black hole
 with about four times the mass of the Sun — the first such inactive stellar-mass black hole found in a globular cluster.
 This important discovery impacts on our understanding of the formation of these star clusters, black holes,
 and the origins of gravitational wave events.
This artist’s impression shows how the star and its massive but invisible black hole companion may look,
 as they orbit each other in the rich heart of the globular star cluster.

More information and download options: 

Credit:
ESO/L. Calçada/spaceengine.org

Astronomers using ESO’s MUSE instrument on the Very Large Telescope in Chile have discovered a star
 in the cluster NGC 3201 that is behaving very strangely. It appears to be orbiting an invisible black hole
 with about four times the mass of the Sun — the first such inactive stellar-mass black hole found in a globular cluster.
This important discovery impacts on our understanding of the formation of these star clusters, black holes,
 and the origins of gravitational wave events.
This short ESOcast takes a look at this discovery and its significance.
The video is available in 4K UHD.
The ESOcast Light is a series of short videos bringing you the wonders of the Universe in bite-sized pieces. 
The ESOcast Light episodes will not be replacing the standard, longer ESOcasts,
 but complement them with current astronomy news and images in ESO press releases.

 More information and download options:

 Subscribe to ESOcast in iTunes!

 Receive future episodes on YouTube by pressing the Subscribe button above or follow us on Vimeo:

 Watch more ESOcast episodes:

:Find out how to view and contribute subtitles for the ESOcast in multiple languages, or translate this video on YouTube

Credit:
ESO.

OUTFLOWS FROM BLACK HOLES ARE CREATING NEW MOLECULES WHERE THERE SHOULD ONLY BE DESTRUCTION

Artist's impression of the black hole wind at the center of a galaxy. Credit: ESA

Artist’s impression of a black hole’s wind sweeping away galactic gas. Credit: ESA

Artist’s concept of Sagittarius A, the supermassive black hole at the center of our galaxy.
 Credit: NASA/JPL

Books and Black Holes: Stephen Hawking's Language Helps Us Grasp the Cosmos By Doris Elin Salazar, Space.com Contributor | March 17, 2018 06:15am ET

Visualization of a black hole.
Credit: D. Coe, J. Anderson, and R. van der Marel (STScI)/NASA/ESA
On April Fools' Day in 1988, a modern science classic by world-renowned theoretical physicist
 and cosmologist Stephen Hawking was published. Called "A Brief History of Time,"
 it set off a wave of public curiosity about humanity's place in the universe.

NASA Captured A Super-Massive Black Hole! *2018*

In 2005 scientists discovered a huge energy burst which occurred 150 million light-years away from Earth 
inside a galaxy named 'Arp-299'.
They thought it's a supernova explosion but it was't. In 2011, scientists discovered that the energy burst 
is elongating which makes it a jet of energy coming from unknown source.
2 months ago in 2018, research showed it was actually a Black Hole 20 million times more massive than sun eating a star.
For the very first time, NASA recently captured the first ever image of a Black Hole. Watch Black Hole 

Image:




Black Holes are known to swallow everything coming in their path but that's not the end.
 With time they they emit enormous amounts of energy.
In 2015 Hubble Telescope captured something that shocked the entire world.
 It was a burst of plasma jet 260 million light years away in space coming from an unknown source.
 Calculations showed that the jet was travelling at 98% the speed of light.
Scientists finally concluded that they have captured a plasma burst coming from a super-massive Black Hole. Which is located inside a galaxy 260 million light-years away.
 Join me on instagram

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Darkest Child A by Kevin MacLeod, License 
 Artist:

MAGNETARS!

First “wind nebula” found around an ultra-magnetic neutron star, or magnetar
NASA'S GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER PRESS RELEASE
Credit Astronomy Now Magazine

This X-ray image shows extended emission around a source known as Swift J1834.9-0846,

 a rare ultra-magnetic neutron star called a magnetar. The glow arises from a cloud of fast-moving particles produced

 by the neutron star and corralled around it. Colour indicates X-ray energies, with 2,000-3,000 electron volts (eV) in red,

 3,000-4,500 eV in green, and 5,000 to 10,000 eV in blue. 

 The image combines observations by the European Space Agency’s XMM-Newton spacecraft taken on 16 March and 16 October 2014.

 Image credits: ESA/XMM-Newton/Younes et al. 2016.

First "Wind Nebula" Seen Around a Magnetar

Artist Impression ESO/L CALCACA
Take the mass of half a million Earths and compress it down to the size of Manhattan.

 If you have taken precaution and survived the energy release from this process, then well done!

 You’ve got yourself a neutron star, one of the densest objects in the universe.
 CREDIT  Meet the IFLScience Team Alfredo Carpineti staff writwer

Magnetar could have boosted explosion of extremely bright supernova

Artist’s impression of a magnetar boosting a super-luminous supernova and gamma-ray burst.

 Image credit: Kavli IPMU.

The yellow-orange host galaxy (left) before the supernova, and afterwards (right) when the ASASSN-15lh

 supernova’s blue light outshines its host galaxy.

 Image credit: The Dark Energy Survey / B. Shappee / ASAS-SN team.

Light curves of ASASSN-15lh and SN 2011kl compared with normal supernovae SN 1999em and SN 1987A.

 Image credit: Bersten et al.

Some neutron stars may end up as ultra-small black holes.

A MAGNETAR JUST WOKE UP AFTER THREE YEARS OF SILENCE

Aerial image of the South African MeerKAT radio telescope, part of the Square Kilometer Array (SKA).
 Credit: SKA

Artist’s rendering of an outburst on an ultra-magnetic neutron star, also called a magnetar. 
Credit: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center

Aerial image of the South African MeerKAT radio telescope in the Karoo, South Africa.
 Credit: SKA

What are Magnetars?

Published on Aug 9, 2016
Magnetars are neutron stars with massively boosted magnetic fields.

 How do this stellar remnants form, and what would happen if you got too close to one?

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Team: Fraser Cain - @fcain
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Created by: Fraser Cain and Jason Harmer
Edited by: Chad Weber

Music: Left Spine Down - “X-Ray”

PULSARS

SPACE JELLYFISH SHOW TYPES OF PULSAR WIND NEBULAS

Four-panel graphic showing the two pulsars, Geminga (upper left) and B0355+54 (upper right),
 observed by Chandra.
 Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/CXC/PSU/B.Posselt et al/N.Klingler et al/Nahks TrEhnl

Pulsar Animation

Published on May 14, 2013
Pulsars are thought to emit relatively narrow radio beams, shown as green in this animation.
 If these beams don't sweep toward Earth, astronomers cannot detect the radio signals.
 Pulsar gamma-ray emission (magenta) is thought to form a broader fan of radiation that 
 can be detected even when the radio beam is unfavorably oriented. (No audio.) 
 Credit: NASA/Fermi/Cruz deWilde
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An artist’s impression of an accreting X-ray millisecond pulsar.
 Credit: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center/Dana Berry

An all-sky view from the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, showing the position of Geminga in the Milky Way.
 Credit : NASA/DOE/International LAT Team.

AN AGING PULSAR HAS CAPTURED A NEW COMPANION, AND IT’S SPINNING BACK UP AGAIN

An artist's impression of a pulsar syphoning material away from a companion star, leading to the formation of a millisecond pulsar.

The slowest spinning X-ray pulsar in a globular star cluster has been discovered in the Andromeda galaxy. Credit: A. Zolotov

A diagram of the ESA XMM-Newton X-Ray Telescope. Delivered to orbit by a Ariane 5 launch vehicle in 1999. Credit: ESA/XMM-Newton

The Slowest Spinning X-Ray Pulsar in an Extragalactic Globular Cluster

From THE

The Astrophysical Journal

Millisecond Pulsar with Magnetic Field Structure

Published on Sep 25, 2013
This animation illustrates how an old pulsar in a binary system can be reactivated -- and sped up to a millisecond spin --
 by accreting gas from its companion star.
A pulsar is a rapidly rotating neutron star that emits pulses of radiation (such as X-rays and radio waves) 
at regular intervals. A millisecond pulsar is one with a rotational period between 1 and 10 milliseconds,
 or from 60,000 to 6,000 revolutions per minute. Pulsars form in supernova explosions, but even newborn pulsars
 don't spin at millisecond speeds, and they gradually slow down with age. If, however, a pulsar is a member of
 a binary system with a normal star, gas transferred from the companion can spin up an old, slow pulsar to the millisecond range.
 For more information, go to
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SECOND FASTEST PULSAR SPINS 42,000 TIMES A MINUTE

Artist's illustration of a rotating neutron star, the remnants of a super nova explosion.
 Credit: NASA, Caltech-JPL

An all-sky view in gamma ray light made with the Fermi gamma ray space telescope.
 Credit: NASA/DOE/International LAT Team

Artist’s impression of a pulsar siphoning material from a companion star.
 Credit: NASA

'Black Widow' Pulsar Animation

This animation shows a black widow pulsar like J0952 together with its small stellar companion, as seen from within their orbital plane. Powerful radiation and the pulsar's "wind" — an outflow of high-energy particles — strongly heat the facing side of the companion, evaporating it over time. 

Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center/Cruz deWilde

 This video is public domain and may be downloaded at:

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NASA | A Black Widow Pulsar Consumes its Mate

Black widow spiders and their Australian cousins, known as redbacks, are notorious for an unsettling tendency 
to kill and devour their male partners. Astronomers have noted similar behavior among two rare breeds of binary system
 that contain rapidly spinning neutron stars, also known as pulsars.
The essential features of black widow and redback binaries are that they place a normal but very low-mass star
 in close proximity to a millisecond pulsar, which has disastrous consequences for the star. Black widow systems contain
 stars that are both physically smaller and of much lower mass than those found in redbacks.

So far, astronomers have found at least 18 black widows and nine redbacks within the Milky Way,
 and additional members of each class have been discovered within the dense globular star clusters that orbit our galaxy.

One black widow system, named PSR J1311-3430 and discovered in 2012, sets the record for the tightest orbit 
of its class and contains one of the heaviest neutron stars known. The pulsar's featherweight companion,
 which is only a dozen or so times the mass of Jupiter and just 60 percent of its size, completes an orbit every 93 minutes
 -- less time than it takes to watch most movies.
The side of the star facing the pulsar is heated to more than 21,000 degrees Fahrenheit (nearly 12,000 C),
 or more than twice as hot as the sun's surface. Recent studies allow a range of values extending down to 2 solar masses 
 for the pulsar, making it one of the most massive neutron stars known. 
Watch the video to learn more about this system and its discovery from some of the scientists involved.
:This video is public domain and can be downloaded at


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ASTRONOMERS OBSERVE A PULSAR 6500 LIGHT-YEARS FROM EARTH AND SEE TWO SEPARATE FLARES COMING OFF ITS SURFACE

Artist’s impression of the pulsar PSR B1957+20 (seen in the background) through the cloud of gas
 enveloping its brown dwarf star companion.
 Credit: Dr. Mark A. Garlick; Dunlap Institute for Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of Toronto

What Is A Pulsar?

his question comes from William. 
He writes "Hi Fraser, I was wondering if you could do a video on pulsars like you did on quasars."
You got it.
Stars are held in perfect balance between the pressure of gravity pulling them inward, and the outward force 
of radiation. 
Once stars runs out of fuel, they collapses in on themselves - it's the amount of mass decides what happens next.
The most massive stars detonate as supernovae, and can explode or collapse into black holes. 
If they're less massive, like our Sun, they blast away their outer layers and then slowly cool down
 as white dwarfs. 
But for stars between 1.4 and 3.2 times the mass of the Sun, they may still become supernovae,
but they just don't have enough mass to make a black hole. 
These medium mass objects end their lives as neutron stars, and some of these can become pulsars or magnetars.
Gravity overwhelms the atomic bonds of the matter in a neutron star, crushing protons and electrons together 
into neutrons. This is how they get their name.
A star that used to be more than a million kilometers wide is now less than 20 kilometers across. 
This material is so dense, that a single sugar cube's worth weigh about 100 million tonnes on Earth. 
And you would need to be traveling 100,000 km/s to escape a neutron star's pull -
 about 1/3rd the speed of light.
So that's how you get a neutron star. But what about these pulsars?
When these stars collapse, they maintain their angular momentum. But with a much smaller size,
 their rotational speed increases dramatically, spinning many times a second. 
This relatively tiny, super dense object, emits a powerful blast of radiation along its magnetic field lines. 
Although this beam of radiation doesn't necessarily line up with it's axis of rotation. 
And so, from here on Earth, astronomers detect an intense beam of radio emissions several times a second, as it rotates around 
like a lighthouse beam.
This is a pulsar.
The first one was detected in 1967 by Jocelyn Bell Burnell and Antony Hewis. 
They detected a mysterious radio emission coming from a fixed point in the sky that peaked every 1.33 seconds.
Although they were certain it had a natural origin, they named it LGM-1, which stands for "little green men",
 and subsequent discoveries have helped astronomers discover the true nature of these strange objects. 
Pulsars have been discovered emitting many different wavelengths of light, from radio to visible and even X 
and gamma rays. 
There have been a total of 1600 found so far, and the fastest discovered emits 716 pulses a second. 
When a pulsar first forms, it has the most energy and fastest rotational speed. As it releases electromagnetic power 
through its beams, it gradually slows down. 
Within 10 to 100 million years, it slows to the point that its beams shut off and the pulsar becomes quiet.
When they are active, they spin with such uncanny regularity that they're used as timers by astronomers. 
Pulsars help us search for gravitational waves, probe the interstellar medium, and even find extrasolar
 planets in orbit.
It has even been proposed that spacecraft could use them as beacons to help navigate around the Solar System.
On NASA's Voyager spacecraft, there are maps that show the direction of the Sun to 14 pulsars in our region.
 If aliens wanted to find our home planet, they couldn't ask for a more accurate map.
I hope that helps, William.

Image of the pulsar surrounded by its bow shock. White rays indicate particles of matter and antimatter
 being spewed from the star. Its companion star is too close to the pulsar to be visible at this scale.
 Credit: NASA/CXC/M.Weiss

Supernovas!

Supernova Infographic

NEW ESTIMATE PUTS THE SUPERNOVA KILLZONE WITHIN 50 LIGHT-YEARS OF EARTH

FOR THE FIRST TIME, ASTRONOMERS HAVE FOUND A STAR THAT SURVIVED ITS COMPANION EXPLODING AS SUPERNOVA

Hubble image of the supernova SN 2001ig, which indicated the presence of a companion.
 Credits: NASA, ESA, S. Ryder (Australian Astronomical Observatory), and O. Fox (STScI)

Report on Supernova survivor(PDF)

Artist’s impression of a pulsar siphoning material from a companion star. Credit: NASA

Artist’s rendering of SN 1993J, where a red supergiant supernova progenitor star (left)
 is exploding after having transferred about 10 solar masses of hydrogen gas to the blue companion star (right).
 Credit: ESA

What Are The Different Kinds of Supernovae?

Published on Mar 14, 2016
Supernovae are some of the most powerful explosions in the Universe, releasing more energy in a moment
 than most stars will release in their entire lifetimes. 
Support us at: 
More stories at:
Twitter: @universetoday
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Team: Fraser Cain - @fcain
Chad Weber - weber.chad@gmail.com
Created by: Fraser Cain and Jason Harmer
Edited by: Chad Weber
Music: Left Spine Down - “X-Ray”
There are a few places in the Universe that defy comprehension. And supernovae have got to be the most extreme places you can imagine.
 We’re talking about a star with potentially dozens of times the size and mass of our own Sun that violently dies in a faction of a second. 
Faster than it take me to say the word supernova, a complete star collapses in on itself, creating a black hole, forming the denser elements in the Universe, and then exploding outward with the energy of millions or even billions of stars.

What Are The Different Kinds of Supernovae?

Published on Aug 25, 2014
A NASA sounding rocket has confirmed that the solar system is inside an ancient supernova remnant. 
Life on Earth survived despite the nearby blasts.
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Hubble Movie Shows Movement of Light Echo Around Exploded Star
Release date: Nov 9, 2017 1:00 PM (EST)

Light from Supernova Bouncing Off Giant Dust Cloud

Voices reverberating off mountains and the sound of footsteps bouncing off walls are examples of an echo. 
Echoes happen when sound waves ricochet off surfaces and return to the listener.
Space has its own version of an echo. It’s not made with sound but with light, and occurs when light bounces off dust clouds.
The Hubble telescope has just captured one of these cosmic echoes, called a “light echo,” in the nearby starburst galaxy M82,
 located 11.4 million light-years away. A movie assembled from more than two years’ worth of Hubble images reveals an expanding shell
 of light from a supernova explosion sweeping through interstellar space three years after the stellar blast was discovered.
 The “echoing” light looks like a ripple expanding on a pond. The supernova, called SN 2014J, was discovered on Jan. 21, 2014.
A light echo occurs because light from the stellar blast travels different distances to arrive at Earth. Some light comes to Earth
 directly from the supernova blast. Other light is delayed because it travels indirectly. In this case, the light is bouncing off a
 huge dust cloud that extends 300 to 1,600 light-years around the supernova and is being reflected toward Earth.
So far, astronomers have spotted only 15 light echoes around supernovae outside our Milky Way galaxy. Light echo detections
 from supernovae are rarely seen because they must be nearby for a telescope to resolve them.

KILONOVA NEUTRON STAR COLLISION PROBABLY LEFT BEHIND A BLACK HOLE

Artist's illustration of two merging neutron stars. The narrow beams represent the gamma-ray burst
 while the rippling spacetime grid indicates the isotropic gravitational waves that characterize the merger.
 Swirling clouds of material ejected from the merging stars are a possible source of the light that was seen at lower energies.
 Credit: National Science Foundation/LIGO/Sonoma State University/A. Simonnet

Collisions of neutron stars produce powerful gamma-ray bursts – and heavy elements like gold. 
Credit: Dana Berry, SkyWorks Digital, Inc.

QUASARS!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Too Big, Too Soon. Monster Black Hole Seen Shortly After the Big Bang

This artist's concept shows the most distant supermassive black hole ever discovered. It is part of a quasar
 from just 690 million years after the Big Bang.
 Credit: Robin Dienel/Carnegie Institution for Science

Artist’s impression of ULAS J1120+0641, a very distant quasar powered by a black hole
 with a mass two billion times that of the Sun. 
 Credit: ESO/M. Kornmesser

Artist’s impression of ULAS J1120+0641, a very distant quasar powered by a black hole
 with a mass two billion times that of the Sun. 
 Credit: ESO/M. Kornmesser

A billion years after the big bang, hydrogen atoms were mysteriously
 torn apart into a soup of ions. 
 Credit: NASA/ESA/A. Felid (STScI)).

A SINGLE WAVE, BIGGER THAN THE MILKY WAY, IS ROLLING THROUGH THE PERSUS GALAXY CLUSTER

NASA has discovered a wave of hot gas larger than the Milky Way rolling through the Perseus galaxy cluster.
 This X-ray image is the result of 16 days of observing with the Chandra X-ray Observatory. 
 The image was filtered to make details easier to see.Credit: 
 NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center/Stephen Walker et al.

X-ray 'Tsunami' Found in Perseus Galaxy Cluster

Published on May 2, 2017
Combining data from NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory with radio observations and computer simulations,
 scientists have found a vast wave of hot gas in the nearby Perseus galaxy cluster. 
 Spanning some 200,000 light-years, the wave is about twice the size of our own Milky Way galaxy. 

This Hubble image shows NGC 1275, the Super-Massive Black Hole at the center of the Perseus cluster. 
NGC 1275 could not have been responsible for the “bay” feature found in Perseus. 
Image: By NASA, ESA, and the Hubble Heritage (STScI/AURA)-ESA/Hubble Collaboration –
 Public Domain

This alternate image of the Perseus galaxy cluster shows the wave at the 7 o’clock position.
 Image: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center/Stephen Walker et al.

How Isotropic is the Universe?

TURNS OUT THERE IS NO ACTUAL LOOKING UP

Is there an up out there? New research says no. Out there in the universe, one direction is much like another. 

Credit: NASA; ESA; Z. Levay and R. van der Marel, STScI; T. Hallas; and A. Mellinger

The cosmic microwave background radiation, enhanced to show the anomalies. 

Credit: ESA and the Planck Collaboration

Timeline of the Big Bang and the expansion of the Universe. Credit: NASA

A “now and then” all-sky image captured by the Planck spacecraft,

 simultaneously showing our galaxy and its structures seen as in recent history; and ‘then’

 – the red afterglow of the Big Bang seen as it was just 380,000 years later.

 Credit: ESA

And be sure to check out this animation produced by the UCL team, which illustrates the Planck mission’s CMB data:

Further Reading: arXiv, Science

GAMMA RAY BURSTS!!

PHYSICISTS HAVE CREATED AN ARTIFICIAL GAMMA RAY BURST IN THE LAB

Artist's impression of a gamma-ray burst, showing the two intense beams of relativistic matter
 emitted by the black hole. To be visible from Earth, the beams must be pointing directly towards us.
 Credit : NASA/Swift/Mary Pat Hrybyk-Keith and John Jones

Artist’s impression of a gamma ray burst in space.
 Credit: ESO/A. Roquette

Artist’s impression of a supermassive black hole emitting powerful jets
 of charged particles.
 Credit: Robin Dienel/Carnegie Institution for Science

Theories of Cosmology

BIG BANG THEORY: EVOLUTION OF OUR UNIVERSE 17 Dec , 2015 by Matt Williams

How was our Universe created? How did it come to be the seemingly infinite place we know of today?

And what will become of it, ages from now? These are the questions that have been puzzling philosophers

and scholars since the beginning the time, and led to some pretty wild and interesting theories.

Today, the consensus among scientists, astronomers and cosmologists is that the Universe as we know it was created

in a massive explosion that not only created the majority of matter, but the physical laws that govern our ever-expanding cosmos.

 This is known as The Big Bang Theory.

Inflation Epoch With the creation of the first fundamental forces of the universe, the Inflation Epoch began,
lasting from 10-32 seconds in Planck time to an unknown point. Most cosmological models suggest that the Universe
at this point was filled homogeneously with a high-energy density, and that the incredibly high temperatures and pressure
gave rise to rapid expansion and cooling.

The history of the Universe, from the Big Bang to the current epoch. Credit: bicepkeck.org

Is everything we know about the universe's expansion WRONG?
Measurements suggest it's growing faster than any theory can explain:

• Researchers looked at 'standard candles' in nearby galaxies
• These are stars of known brightness, used to measure their distances
• Number doesn't fit with measurements of radiation left from Big Bang
• If both are correct, it means something is missing in model of cosmology

Read more: Follow us: @MailOnline on Twitter | DailyMail on Facebook

Diagram showing the Lambda-CBR universe, from the Big Bang to the the current era. Credit: Alex Mittelmann/Coldcreation

The universe has been expanding since the Big Bang kickstarted the growth about 13.8 billion years ago.

 And it is said to be getting faster in its acceleration as it gets bigger (illustrated). 

 Dark matter's gravity slows cosmic expansion, while dark energy pushes in the opposite direction and causes it to accelerate
 Read more: 
Follow us: @MailOnline on Twitter | DailyMail on Facebook

Data from stars in nearby galaxies such as M101 (pictured) has allowed researchers to complete the most precise measurement

 ever made of how quickly the universe is expanding. They found it is expanding 8 per cent faster than predicted, which puts into 

 question our accepted model of the evolution of the universe

 Read more
Follow us: @MailOnline on Twitter | DailyMail on Facebook

THE HUBBLE CONSTANT JUST GOT CONSTANTIER

A team of astronomers using the Hubble Space Telescope have found that the current rate of expansion of the Universe

could be almost 10 percent faster than previously thought.

 Image: NASA, ESA, A. Feild (STScI), and A. Riess (STScI/JHU)

The researchers looked at a larger sample of stars than before in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) pictured, the third closest galaxy to the Milky Way, to determine how fast the universe is expanding. They measured the value with an uncertainty of 2.4 per cent, down from the previous best result of 3.3 per cent
COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND


 read more
Follow us: @MailOnline on Twitter | DailyMail on Facebook

Much of what scientists know about dark matter and dark energy comes from radiation left behind from the Big Bang,

 called cosmic microwave background (CMB) (pictured). The most exhaustive study of CMB - a portrait of the universe at 400,000 years of age 

 - was done in recent years by Esa's Planck observatory

 Read more: 
Follow us: @MailOnline on Twitter | DailyMail on Facebook

Time had a beginning but whether it will have an end depends on the nature of the dark energy that is causing it to expand at an accelerating rate. 

The rate of this expansion may eventually tear the universe apart, forcing it to end in a Big Rip

 Read more: 
Follow us: @MailOnline on Twitter | DailyMail on Facebook

---

The Largest Black Holes in the Universe

Published on Sep 26, 2012
Our Milky Way may harbor millions of black holes... the ultra dense remnants of dead stars. But now, in the universe far beyond our galaxy,

 there's evidence of something far more ominous. A breed of black holes that has reached incomprehensible size and destructive power.

 Just how large, and violent, and strange can they get?

A new era in astronomy has revealed a universe long hidden to us. High-tech instruments sent into space have been tuned to sense

high-energy forms of light -- x-rays and gamma rays -- that are invisible to our eyes and do not penetrate our atmosphere.

 On the ground, precision telescopes are equipped with technologies that allow them to cancel out the blurring effects of the atmosphere.

 They are peering into the far reaches of the universe, and into distant caldrons of light and energy. In some distant galaxies, 

 astronomers are now finding evidence that space and time are being shattered by eruptions so vast they boggle the mind.

We are just beginning to understand the impact these outbursts have had on the universe: On the shapes of galaxies,

 the spread of elements that make up stars and planets, and ultimately the very existence of Earth. The discovery of what causes 

 these eruptions has led to a new understanding of cosmic history. Back in 1995, the Hubble space telescope was enlisted to begin 

 filling in the details of that history. Astronomers selected tiny regions in the sky, between the stars. For days at a time,

 they focused Hubble's gaze on remote regions of the universe.

These hubble Deep Field images offered incredibly clear views of the cosmos in its infancy. What drew astronomers' 

attention were the tiniest galaxies, covering only a few pixels on Hubble's detector. Most of them do not have the grand spiral

 or elliptical shapes of large galaxies we see close to us today. 

Instead, they are irregular, scrappy collections of stars. The Hubble Deep Field confirmed a long-standing idea that the

 universe must have evolved in a series of building blocks, with small galaxies gradually merging and assembling into larger ones.

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SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLES IN DISTANT GALAXIES ARE MYSTERIOUSLY ALIGNED

A team of astronomers from South Africa have noticed a series of supermassive black holes in distant galaxies

that are all spinning in the same direction.

Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech

Artist’s impression of a supermassive black hole. Credit: NRAO

By studying the large-scale spin distribution of SMBHs could tell us much about the matter

 fluctuations that gave rise to the large-scale structure of the Universe.

 Credit: Volker Springel/Virgo Consortium.

Graphic representation of data obtained by the Baryon Oscillation Spectrographic Survey (BOSS)

showing redshift of galaxies over an 11 billion years period.

Credit: SDSS-III

JAPANESE 3D GALAXY MAP CONFIRMS EINSTEIN WAS ONE SMART DUDE

An international team of researchers have produced the largest 3-D map of the universe to date,(May 2016)

 which validates Einstein's theory of General Relativity.

 Credit: NAOJ/CFHT/ SDSS

Experimental results looking at the expansion of the universe, in comparison to that predicted by Einstein’s theory of general relativity

 in green. Credit: Kavli IPMU/Okumura et al.

First Version of a 3D Map of Universe from the FastSound Project

Published on Aug 8, 2013
This is the first version of a 3D map of the Universe from the FastSound Project,

 which is surveying galaxies in the Universe over nine billion light years away. 

 Using Subaru Telescope's new Fiber Multi-Object Spectrograph (FMOS), the map includes 1,100 galaxies 

 and shows the large-scale structure of the Universe about 4.7 billion years after the Big Bang. M

 The area covers 2.5 times 3 degrees of the sky. The colors of the galaxies indicate their star formation rate, 

 i.e., the total mass of stars produced in a galaxy every year. The gradation in background color represents the number density 

 of galaxies; the underlying mass distribution (which is dominated by dark matter) would look like this if we could see it.

 The project is ongoing and will eventually include 5,000 galaxies over ten billion light years away.

 For more information on the 3D map and FastSound Project

Credit: NAOJ with part of the data provided by CFHT, SDSS
Related Article: "Constructing a 3D Map of the Large-Scale Structure of the Universe"

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Astronomers Detected Clear Sign of Oxygen In Galaxy 13.1 Billion Light Years Away from Earth

This is an artist's concept of SXDF-NB1006-2. Many young bright stars are located in the galaxy and ionize the gas 

inside and around the galaxy. Green color indicates the ionized oxygen detected by ALMA, whereas purple shows the distribution

of ionized hydrogen detected by the Subaru Telescope
(Photo : NAOJ)
A team of international researchers have detected gas containing clear signs of oxygen in one of the most distant galaxies 

13.1 billion light years away from Earth.

The discovery, published in the journal Science, could help the researchers understand how young stars ionized oxygen 

and other heavier elements during the cosmic reionisation period 150 million years after the big bang.

GALAXIES SWELL DUE TO EXPLOSIVE ACTION OF NEW STARS

Artist’s impression of a disk galaxy transforming in to an elliptical galaxy.
 Stars are actively formed in the massive reservoir of dust and gas at the center of the galaxy. 
 Credit: NAOJ

Evolution diagram of a galaxy. First the galaxy is dominated by the disk component (left) 
but active star formation occurs in the huge dust and gas cloud at the center of the galaxy (center).
 Then the galaxy is dominated by the stellar bulge and becomes an elliptical (or lenticular) galaxy.
 Credit: NAOJ

Observation images of a galaxy 11 billion light-years away. 
Credit: ALMA (ESO/NAOJ/NRAO), NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, Tadaki et al.

Our Far Future